Literature Review on the Employer-Employee Relationship

Literature Review on the Employer-Employee Relationship BACKGROUND The Employer-Employee relations is no doubt an enormous topic in Human Resource Management that covers key areas of Employment relationship, Collective Bargaining, performance and reward management also Employee involvement which help to determine the nature of organisational commitment and performance. The employment relationship aspect deals with the role and influence of law which determines the rights and responsibilities/rules that govern the behaviour of both employer and employee which has an impact on how relationship works out. However in recent years newer concept have emerged in Human Resource Management that has considerable changed relationship that was formally dependent upon interaction of formal legal regulations.(Beardwell and Claydon 2007) Collective bargaining is a situation where representatives of both parties come together to negotiate on matters relating to pay, terms of employment and working conditions, in recent years there has been a shift from the traditional collective bargain to a more individualised method of bargaining.(Henderson 2008). Performance and reward management relates to the use of individualised pay, performance-related pay and performance management. This factors determines behaviour in terms of motivation, communication and level of commitment.(Beardwell and Claydon 2007) Employee involvement is a form of employer-employee relations that allows more participation of the employee in organisational decisions, this is when employees can influence decisions that are normally reserved for management(Marchington and Wilkinson 2008). Employee relations is characterised by both conflict and cooperation, Marchington and Wilkinson (2008) described the management of employee relations as being vital to the success or failure of an organisation and it is seen as central to Human resource management. (Dawson 1995)acknowledged that the achievement of organisational objectives depends upon employment relations, evidence from (Limerick 1992)suggests that individual empowering should be consistent in the event of strategic change. Considering the competitive nature of industries and technological advancement, the importance of employer-employee relationship becomes more critical, reason being that to meet constant changing needs of consumers, effective human resource management becomes very crucial in achieving business success. I am an MBA (General Management) Student and I am interested in this topic because as a future General Manager/business owner I want to have a better understanding on the effective ways developing positive employee relations, also to have an idea of the factors that motivates employees, how strategic objectives can be achieved through effective communication with employees? I am basing my research on a multinational company. The greatest asset of an organisation is considered to be the Human Resource and the greatest challenge of an organisation is how to manage these human resources efficiently and effectively so as to achieve set objectives of the organisation, my research objective will be to stress the importance of employer-employee relations, because in the UK the relationship is considered to be an employee to do a particular job in return for wage or salaries for the work they do and this goes beyond mere work for pay. PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE For the purpose of this research, my focus will be on the impact of employer-employee relations on key areas of Collective bargaining, performance and reward management which places emphasis on motivation and various reward systems, also emphasis will be placed on employee involvement and participation in the context of organisational commitment, all these variables constitute to the achievement of organisational objectives. The literature review will be divided into four parts A brief history and Definition Theoretical and Empirical literature Benefits of mutual employer-employee relations Employer-employee relations within the UK including Ford A brief history In the early 70s the relationship between employers and employees in work place was more of a collective relationship which involves collective bargaining where representatives of both employer and employees meet to negotiate on matters relating to pay, terms of employment and working conditions, representatives of employees are known as trade union(Henderson 2008). Organisations were encouraged to recognise and work with trade unions so as to improve the employment rights of workers through collective bargaining(Marchington and Wilkinson 2005). However, in the early 1990s, countries like UK where trade unionism were highly recognised witnessed a significant decline in trade unionism, employee relations changed from the traditional collective method of bargain to a more individualised method as a result of increase in sophisticated HRM style initiative in communication, participation and recognition(Henderson 2008) (Edwards 2003) described the relationship between employer and employee as a system where both parties have common and divergent interest, this is a situation where employer and employee communicate their requirement and views to one another in terms of agreement on work related issues. Theoretical literature (Newell and Scarbrough 2002) posed different dimension on how organisations handle issues of employee relation and on this basis four management style have been suggested: Sophisticated human relations: employees are viewed as the most valuable resource of the organisation, emphasis employees appraisal and extensive method of communication aimed at enhancing employee loyalty and commitment. Trade unionism is discouraged. Many US companies adopt this style. Consultative approach: this is similar to the first approach only those trade unions are recognised. This style is mostly found in the European countries such as Germany Traditional style: employees are seen as a mere factor of production, it represents the Taylors management approach. Unions are opposed. Constitutional style: this is similar to the traditional style only that unions are recognised and accepted. It limitation above theory is that different management styles can be used in the same organisation for example the sophisticated human relations style can be used when managing managers while the traditional style when managing other employee(Newell and Scarbrough 2002). Considering theories that relate to performance and reward management, motivation theories like the Maslows hierarchy of need, his theory identifies five levels of needs. Level 1- physiological needs like food, water and comfort. The organisation provides financial reward. Level 2-safety needs: the organisation provides this by benefits. Level 3- social needs: the organisation satisfies employees social need through social gathering. Level 4-esteem needs: the organisation helps to satisfy employee esteem needs by showing employees appreciation of work done. Level 5:self-actualisation needs: deal with self needs, discovering individuals full potential(Beardwell and Claydon 2007). Researchers have often criticised this theory following the proportion that there is no clear relationship between needs and behaviour. Alternatively Alderfers ERG theory suggested that needs could be classified into three instead of Maslows five; these types of needs are existence, relatedness and growth. He rzberg identified two factors based on his research namely motivators and hygiene factor(Beardwell and Claydon 2007).Several other theories of motivation will be examined in my dissertation. Besides motivation, modern theory in employee participation known as employee engagement was defined by CIPD 2007 as the combination of commitment to the organisation and its values that goes beyond job satisfaction and motivation. This can be linked to psychological contract which will be later discussed extensively, but this has to do with a stronger emotional attachment between employer and employee that helps in attracting and retaining employees(Henderson 2008) The concept of soft model HRM throws light to the positive attitude created from the use of appropriate HRM practices together with communication, motivation and leadership enhances commitment to the organisation and improved performance (Guest 2002). while the Hard HRM model emphasizes on the effective utilization of employees, ensuring that HRM strategy are driven by overall corporate strategy(Keenan 2005). Empirical literature In a research carried out by (Edgar and Alan 2005) they stated that effective HRM policies and practices should be measured by their perceived quality, not simply by the number of practices introduced. Another important issue raised by (Mac Mahon 1996) is that, even in small firms where the need for improved productivity is very important, reward systems was rarely tied to productivity and performance, and also conflict between employer and employee tend to be rare rather conflict was apparent on a personal level. (Savolainen 2000)also linked employer-employee relations with the aspect of leadership and suggested three development strategies: 1)Trust building or participative strategy, 2)The entrepreneurial cooperative strategy, 3)Negotiative strategy. Findings also revealed how organisation change or move towards a new workplace and the role of line managers. Another research suggest that the effective communication of information and ideas to employees should be developed through practice and commitment, findings also revealed that organisation should assess current culture to desired objectives and as a result new attitude often needs to be acquired by both employer and employees(Owusu 1999). In the work of (Dawson 1995) evidence suggest that human resource strategy has shifted focus of job design to career development, skill development which enhanced employee involvement. From my findings I have discovered that most research on areas of employee relations have focused more on the impact of HRM practices on employee performance, however few researchers have worked on employee relations and how it affects organisational commitment and performance, the justification for this research is to shed more light on the impact of this relationship and how it can be improved to enhance organisational performance. I have decided to look at a car manufacturing company (Ford motor company). Benefits The mutual relationship between both parties increases motivation which in turn leads to increase productivity and profit maximization. Estenson (1999) describes employer-employee relations as a key ingredient in the implementation of quality improvement(Savolainen 2000). Furthermore, (Sadri and Lees 2001)said a positive relationship between both parties could lead to a competitive advantage over other firms in the industry and also provide enormous benefits to the organisation. Employee Relations within the UK and Ford Motor Company In the early 1990, the Workplace Industrial Relation Survey reported a decline in trade unionism in the UK, which was replaced by employee involvement in form of line managers who were responsible for HR activities(Henderson 2008). Thus some empirical research in Britain confirmed a key role of line manager in handling human resource activities notable in areas of employee relations(Redman and Wilkinson 2006). Finding of Hamill pointed out that a lower percentage of US owned plant in the UK recognized unions also that US owned company were more likely to have implemented individualized pay(Eric and Jonathan 1995). Ford is the biggest selling motor company in the UK with several large plants located in the UK. Ford Britain and its dealers employ around 35, 000 people in areas of product development, manufacturing, sales and marketing and service departments. However in recent times Ford launched a diversity strategy which has helped to them embrace the new employee relations in Employee engagement(FORD MOTORS COMPANY 2009). RESEARCH QUESTIONS The following question and objectives are based on findings from the background and literature review. Should employers embrace employee involvement and participation? Does mutual relations between employer and employee lead to organisational commitment? What is the relationship between organisational commitment and organisational success? Apart from pay, how else should employers reward performance? Should employees be involved in setting organisational objectives? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To critically analyse how positive employer-employee relationship can impact on organisational success. To critically evaluate the benefits of employee involvement in setting organisational goals and objectives. To critically analyse how different management style can impact on employee behaviour in terms of motivation and commitment. To critically evaluate the relationship between employer and employee in Ford Motors company and how it affects their performance. To recommend ways of improving employer-employee relations to achieve higher productivity and profit maximization. RESEACH PLAN Research perspective According to (Jewell 2008)states that the positivist approach is based on the experiment and desire to establish causality between variables. However the positivism aspect of this research is to establish a relationship between employer-employee relations and the achievement of organisational objectives. There are two variables namely dependent and independent variables, the independent variable here is the employer-employee relation and the dependent variable is the achievement of organisational objectives. Both quantitative and qualitative research will be done through primary (from questionnaires) and secondary data. Both deductive and inductive reasoning will be used. Research Design My research design will be a case study design which entails an extensive analysis of a single case. This would be an analysis of Ford Motor Company. Data collection Method Data will be collected in dept from different sources; I will use two different sources of data collection methods: Secondary and Questionnaire. Secondary Data: This will be collected from existing sources such as textbooks, articles, internet, and journals. Access to these Data will be done through the universitys online databases such as Science Direct, Emerald and the Internet; this will address the first three research objectives. However secondary data will limit to fully address the fourth objective that is why primary data will used. Questionnaire The fourth and fifth objectives of this research is to seek information from mostly employees of Ford Motor Company on how they are being treated by employers and how it affects their performance, this will be best achieved by a the use questionnaire. Questionnaires will be distributed to over 300 people and I expect a rate of return of 30-40 %. My questionnaire will be brief so as to achieve this. However access to respondents will be achieved through a family friend in London whose friend is an employee in fords manufacturing plant in Dagenham, London. I have contacted him and he has decided to help with the distribution of the questionnaire bureaucracy Sample A Quota sampling method will be employed for my questionnaires because I wont be able to send questionnaires to all the employees of Ford, so the study will be based on a small percentage of employees mainly in the engineering department of the company and my findings will then be generalized. Analysis of Data For the questionnaire I will use excel to present a descriptive and presentational analysis for data collected. The level of analysis will be more bivariate which will allow me analyse two variables together. Limitations The first limitation will be the generalisabilty of my research because it is a single case study and I will focus on a small percentage of a large population of Ford employees in the UK. The second limitation will be the validity of my research work; I will make sure I go through the literature of my study frequently so as to guard against data not relevant to my research. The third limitation will be the response rate and collection of questionnaires; in order to keep the response rate high like 40% more questionnaires will be distributed. Concerning reliability to the research, I will try to ensure that a result of the research is replicable in future. Another limitation might be that employee might be reluctant to disclose some information about their employers which might affect the reliability of the research. Ethical Considerations Research ethics I have read and understood the BES ethics students handbook, and i will comply with the BES ethical guidelines and complete the ethics compliance and checklist forms. All documents regarding ethical approval will be submitted. Results from surveys will be kept confidential and safe. In addition I will seek approval of my questions for my questionnaire from my supervisor, also the reason and intended result for the research will be explained in front of the questionnaire. Plagiarism As for plagiarism, I understand what it means and the consequences, I will make sure I cite and acknowledge the work of others. REFERENCES Anon. (FORD MOTORS COMPANY 2009) Ford Motors Company [online] [NOV. 11, 2008] Beardwell, J. and Claydon, T. (2007) Human Resource Mnangement: A Contemporary Approach. Essex: Pearson Education Limited Dawson, P. (1995) Redefining Human Resources Management: Work Restructuring and Employee Relations at Mobil Adelaide Refinery. International journal of Manpower 16, (5/6) 47-55 EDGAR, F. and ALAN, G. (2005) Human Resource Management Practice and Employee Attitude: Different Measures- Different Results. PERSONAL REVIEW 34, (5) 534-549 Edwards, P. (2003) The Employement Relationship in the Field of Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice in Britain. Oxford: Blakwell Eric, L. and Jonathan, M. (1995) Multinational Corporation and Employee Relations. Glamorgan Business School, Glamorgan: MCB University Press Guest, D. (2002) Human Resource Management, Corporate Performance and Employee Well Being:Building the Worker in Human Resource Management. Industrial Relations 44, (3) HENDERSON, L. (2008) Human Resource Management for Mba Students. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel Development Jewell, S. (2008) How to Write a Research Proposal. Coventry Keenan, T. (2005) Human Resource Management. Edinburg: Edinburg Business School Limerick, D. (1992) The Shape of the New Organisation: Implication of Human Resource Management. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 30, (1) Mac Mahon, J. (1996) Employee Relations in Small Firms in Ireland: An Exploratory Study of Small Manufacturing Firms. Employee relations 18, (5) Marchington, M. and Wilkinson, A. (2005) Human Resource Management at Work. london: Chartered Institute of Personnel Development Marchington, M. and Wilkinson, A. (2008) Human Resource Management at Work. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel Development Newell, H. and Scarbrough, H. (2002) Hrm in Context: A Case Study Approach. New York: Palgrave Owusu, Y. (1999) Importance of Employee Involvement in World Class Agile Management Systems. International journal of Agile Management systems (1/2) 107-118 Redman, T. and Wilkinson, A. (2006) Contemporary Human Resource Management. Pearson Education Sadri, G. and Lees, B. (2001) Developing Corporate Culture as a Competitive Advantage. Journal of management Development 20, (10) 853-859 Savolainen, T. (2000) Towards a New Workplace Culture:Development Strategies for Employer-Employee Relations. Journal of Workplace Learning 12, (8) 318-326

Greek Mythology and Religion :: Ancient Greece Greek History

Greek Mythology and Religion Mythology is the study and interpretation of myth and the body of myths of a particular culture. Myth is a complex cultural phenomenon that can be approached from a number of viewpoints. In general, myth is a narrative that describes and portrays in symbolic language the origin of the basic elements and assumptions of a culture. Mythic narrative relates, for example, how the world began, how humans and animals were created, and how certain customs, gestures, or forms of human activities originated. Almost all cultures possess or at one time possessed and lived in terms of myths. Myths differ from fairy tales in that they refer to a time that is different from ordinary. The time sequence of myth is extraordinary- an "other" time - the time before the conventional world came into being. Because myths refer to an extraordinary time and place and to gods and other supernatural beings and processes, they have usually been seen as aspects of religion. Because of the inclusive nature of myth, however, it can illustrate many aspects of individual and cultural life. Meaning and interpretation From the beginnings of Western culture, myth has presented a problem of meaning and interpretation, and a history of controversy has gathered about both the value and the status of mythology. Myth, History, and Reason In the Greek heritage of the West, myth or mythos has always been in tension with reason or logos, which signified the sensible and analytic mode of arriving at a true account of reality. The Greek philosophers Xenophanes, Plato, and Aristotle, for example, exalted reason and made sarcastic criticisms of myth as a proper way of knowing reality. The distinctions between reason and myth and between myth and history, although essential, were never quite absolute. Aristotle concluded that in some of the early Greek creation myths, logos and mythos overlapped. Plato used myths as metaphors and also as literary devices in developing an argument. Western Mythical Traditions The debate over whether myth, reason, or history best expresses the meaning of the reality of the gods, humans, and nature has continued in Western culture as a legacy from its earliest traditions. Among these traditions were the myths of the Greeks. Adopted and assimilated by the Romans, they furnished literary, philosophical, and artistic inspiration to such later periods as the Renaissance and the romantic era. The pagan tribes of Europe furnished another body of tradition.

Element Definition ACT in the Play Essay

Resolution: Background information is presented,  main characters are introduced, and the conflict is established The conflicts and challenges encountered by the characters. How they respond keeps the story moving forward. The turning point in the conflict. Tension builds until the main character must make a decision or take action that determines the direction of the story. The events that occur after the main character makes the key decision in the story The resolution is where all the questions are answered and loose ends are tied, providing a clear ending Act 1. Macbeth’s encounter with the weird sisters. Act 2. The murder of King Duncan Act 3. The appearance of Banquo’s ghost at Macbeth’s coronation celebration. Act 4. Macbeth loses control. Act 5. Macbeth gets killed Plot Analysis As you read the scenes in this lesson, take notes on important events in the story. Provide the line or lines from the play that relate to the event. Stop and think for a moment about why that event is important for the story and add your thoughts in the space provided. Event Text Support Why is it important to the story? The murder of King Duncan The appearance of Banquo’s ghost 1.† Unless the deed go with it: from this moment the very firstlings of my heart shall be the firstlings of my hand.† â€Å"I have supp’d full with horrors; direness, familiar to my slaught’rous thoughts, cannot once start me.† This event is important to the story because this is the turning point for Macbeth’s behavior. He was once regretful of the murder and it took him awhile to recover from his emotion but once he started being told he was invincible he conscious left and he became ruthless This event is important to the story because this is when everyone close to Macbeth realizes that he’s paranoid and having problems dealing with the bad things he caused. Reflection Choose one of the events you added to your graphic organizer and think about why it is an important piece of the plot. Focus on the purpose it serves in the story. Consider how the story would change if that event was altered. Form your ideas into a reflection paragraph of at least five sentences. Make sure to include supporting evidence from the play in your reflection. I think the murder of King Duncan is an important piece of the plot because that is the event that changed Macbeth’s life for the better and the worse. Macbeth’s wife committed suicide because she couldn’t deal with the malice she caused. After Duncan’s murder, Macbeth became king and started becoming cold-hearted, killing people that was close to him before he became king and not thinking twice and the malice decisions. If King Duncan wasn’t murdered, Macbeth would still be the innocent kind man that he once was and his wife would still be alive.

Black Death - 1579 Words

The most immediate effect of the plague was that it led to higher wages for the poor. Prior to the Black Death, Europe was in a state of overpopulation, and famines were a frequent occurrence (Herlihy 39). After the arrival of the first outbreak of plague, however, Europes population dropped somewhere between twenty-five and forty-five percent (Gottfried 77). Not only that, but, repeated occurrences of plague kept Europes population lowered, and it did not regain its pre-plague levels until the mid-sixteenth century (Gottfried 134). That overwhelming loss of so many lives turned the situation around, and suddenly Europe was facing a labor shortage. That gave laborers an advantage over their employers. With the lack of workers able†¦show more content†¦Even more striking is that of 672 new members from 1348 to 1368, only 222 had a familial relation to anyone in the trade (Herlihy 44). This is evidence that many more people were being trained in professional trades by t he guilds, and that many of them were the first members of their families to receive any type of formal training in a craft. Again, the poor were able to benefit from the tragic events of the plague. Not only were they able to receive higher wages, but they were also able to move up into a higher social class, and reap the benefits that came along with that. The plague also led to a higher standard of living. This was caused not only by the higher wages and upward mobility of the poor, but also by the low cost of food. With the reduced population of Europe, the food supply needed to feed less people, and prices dropped (Gottfried 98). The combined raise in wages and lower food costs meant that people had more money to spend and lived better than they ever had before. As an example, Robert S. Gottfried, a Professor of History at Rutgers University points out that an average person in Syria had a diet of around 1154 calories, which rose to 1930 calories by the middle of the fifteenth century (Gottfried 138). Another benefit of having moreShow MoreRelatedThe Black Of Black Death939 Words   |  4 Pageshistory few events seem as cataclysmic as the Black Death. The Black Death was actually one of the most deadly pandemics in human history. This awful pandemics most devastating time in Europe was between 1348 and 1350. According to some estimates it wiped out at least two-thirds of Europe’s population. A Malmesbury monk from Wiltshire wrote that, â€Å"Over England as a whole a fifth og men, women and children were carried to the grave.† (James â€Å"Black Death: The lasting impact†) Many epidemiologists stillRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black Death, one of the greatest natural disaster to hit Europe thus causing the death of many people in the most horrific manner and cause the end of feudalism. This was a disaster that affected one third of the European continent and also one that no one was prepared to face. It killed more people than during a war and it impacted simple lives of people, their culture, religion and the economy as a whole. The origin of The Black Death has several explanations. Some people said The Black DeathRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death905 Words   |  4 Pagesgrew were dying. On the wake of these seven distressing years of weather and famine was the greatest plague of all times, The Black Death. 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The Effects Of Media Violence On Mental Health - 829 Words

American college students. They referred to Buckner, Beardslee, Bassuk (2004) who stated that when ethnic minority children and youth are exposed to community violence their mental health is greatly affected. It was hypothesized that exposure to community violence would negatively relate to mental health outcomes. Their sample consisted of 281 African American undergraduate college students in a Midwest University. Their ages ranged from 18 to 24 years. Participants completed Exposure to Community Violence survey (Richters and Saltzman, 1990); the Racial Socialization Questionnaire-Teen (Lesane-Brown, Scottham, Nguyen, and Sellers, 2005); the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children-Depressive symptomatology (Weissman, Orvaschel, Padian, 1980); and the Aggression Questionnaire (Buss and Perry, 1992). Results indicated that victimization due to community violence is associated with aggressive behaviors and depressive symptomatology. They further cited Cooley-Quille, Boyd, Frantz, Walsh (2001) who stated that victims that experienced direct violence have more psychological consequences than those who experience indirect violence. Banerjee et al. (2015) recommended that providing racial socialization messages and practices at home and at school offer better psychological outcomes in ethnic minority young adults. Ludban (2015) investigated the psychological well-being of college students and the factors that impact it. Ludban (2015) referred toShow MoreRelatedMental Health and Violence Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesAre people with mental illness more violent than the rest of the population? If you only listen to the media, you are sure to answer, â€Å"Yes†. However, most of us know that the media is not the most reliable source of information. In fact, the media has a Tendency to bend the facts, plucking out stories and statistics that colour the truth in order to popularize their Medium. 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Although symptoms often recover or decline with increased safety and social support, maltreatment may sometimes have longer-term health and mental health effects. The disturbing effects of abuse can affect an individual’s ability to access safety, restore from trauma, and to pursue lifetime go als. In addition to that, living with mental health disorders or addiction upsurges a person’s risk of experiencingRead MoreThe Effects Of Movies On Child Psychology930 Words   |  4 PagesDetrimental effects of movies on child psychology After the advent of first motion picture cameras in 1890s, movies have become one of our best ways to alleviate stress and manifest feelings and concepts. Movies are the mirror of a society that reflects social practices, incidents and imperfections. Movies are one of the effective means to sow the seeds of aspirations, ideas for making the utopian fantasy to reality. However, in recent years, in order to allure more viewers, movies have followedRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Illness1212 Words   |  5 Pagesbizarre statements heard by people experiencing symptoms of mental illness. Patients suffering a physiological illness rarely hear these words, but they have begun to sound like a broken record to the mentally ill. Everyone sympathizes with the stomach, the liver, the eye, and many other organs in the body when they begin to malfunction, but no one sympathizes with the brain. It is unimaginable and almost abominable for the brain to get sick. Mental illness is probably the mo st misconstrued and trivializedRead MoreEffects Of Prison Overcrowding1345 Words   |  6 PagesMy paper will discuss the problems and a few of the effects that prison overcrowding causes towards the inmates and the guards. I will first address the issue of violence that prison overcrowding causes. 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Violent video games have been blamed for school shootings, increases in bullying, and violence towards womenRead MoreViolent Programs on Television Lead to Aggressive Behavior by Children1038 Words   |  5 PagesNational Institute of Mental Health, along with other reputable health organizations has collected data that connects media violence, with violent acts. Conclusions deduced from this data prove that violent programs on television lead to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch those programs. Television violence affects young people of all ages, all socio-economic levels, and all levels of intelligence. Todays children view vast amounts of violence on television. A steadyRead More VIOLENT PROGRAMS ON TELEVISION LEAD TO AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR BY CHILDREN1015 Words   |  5 Pagesthe National Institute of Mental Health, along with other reputable health organizations has collected data that connects media violence, with violent acts. Conclusions deduced from this data prove that violent programs on television lead to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch those programs. Television violence affects young people of all ages, all socio-economic levels, and all levels of intelligence. Today’s children view vast amounts of violence on television. A steady dietRead More Media Violence Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesis right for their child to have access to this sort of violence: the kind found in most video games, television shows, and movies all over the world. But honestly, does it make a difference in the child’s development as a productive member of society, and if so, can a parent really do anything about it? These are the questions that researchers of the subject hope to answer conclusively In order to understand how media violence has an effect on children, different variables must first be examined

Sociology Is The Study Of Individuals In Groups In A...

Sociology is the study of individuals in groups in a systematic way. It is an intricate set of styles and approaches trying to perceive society. (Burgess and Murcott, 2001). As a result, many perceptions have arisen over the last centuries. Many methodologies have been debated and discussed. Challenging these assumptions will in turn, cause for quantitative and qualitative based research on the struggle to gain a firm grip on how society works. As a result, there are different sociological perspectives that hold valued theories in society. In this essay three perspectives will be assessed. How society operates in the view of these perspectives. Also, scrutinizing theories on the subject ‘crime and deviance’ aiming to outline how each†¦show more content†¦Marx’s argues that laws are passed by state government, reflecting the interests of ruling class ideology, rather an authoritarian consensus. As follows a false commitment is shared by society as a whole considering laws only benefit the ruling minority. (Haralambos and Holborn, 1980). A classic case study portraying this argument is Stuart Hall’s ‘policing the crisis’. Hall raises the argument of ‘mugging’; a new term from America that was used by the media to label an attempted robbery, murder scene in 1972 In Britain. He argued the term is now affixed to any type of crime particularly applied at black youth. From that point onwards it becomes symptomatic of a ‘moral panic’. (Hall et al, 1978). Furthermore, Halls statistics show the term ‘mugging’ appearing 60 times in newspapers the following year. (Hall et al, 1978) It can be said that the media’s moral panics, run by the ideology of the ruling class, camouflaged the economic crisis that emerged during the 1970’s. Subsequently, the moral panics allowed the state to enforce policing methods legitimising random stops targeting black youths. 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Demographics of the Global Economy

Question: Write an essay about the demographics of the global economy. Answer: The Changing Demographics of the Global Economy: The Global Economy is referred to the world economy. This is considered as international exchange of services and goods, which is expressed in monetary units of account. The U.S. ruled the world trade picture and the world economy by accounting almost 40% of world economic activity in 1960s. However, by 2012, this economic activity has decreased to 23%. In this global economy, U.S. multinationals ruled the half of the world and the international business scene. This economics of the communist world was centrally planned. This economics was limited to Western international business. This economic structure is also observed in other developing countries. In contrast, the share of the developing nations in the world economy is increasing. It is expected that, by 2020, the economic activity will rise to more than 60% (Dunning, 2012). This output of these developing countries in the account of the global economy is gradually increasing from 1960. The cross-border flows show a sustained gr owth in foreign direct investment (FDI). For example, it was seen that U.S. firms had accounted for approximate two-thirds of worldwide FDI flows. Recently, the account of the U.S. has decreased to less than one-fifth of worldwide FDI flows. This pattern is observed in the other developing countries. In contrast, the share of FDIs account has risen in developing countries. For example, China has become famous destination for FDI. The other popular FDI destinations are UK, Canada, China and USA. A multinational enterprise is referred to the business, which has productivity in two or more countries. It is observed that the number of mini-multinationals and non-U.S. multinationals has increased since 1960s (Wild et al., 2014). Most of the former Communist nations in Asia and Europe are now committed to free market economies and democratic politics. This communist collapse in Eastern Europe exhibits a representative of investment and export opportunities for Western business. It shows n ew opportunities in the International business in spite of continued Communist control. The economic development in China represents major risks and opportunity. With this, signs of growing totalitarian and unrest tendencies are observed in some countries. For example, Latin America and Mexico also represent tremendous opportunities both as sources and as markets of production and materials. It is observed that the FDI has increased from $2 billion to $100 billion in China in between 1983 and 2010 (Beamish, 2013). In China, there are many strong companies, which can give tough competition to Western firms. The opinion of the author is based on the changes in the world economy system along with globalization. Authors personal opinion will be to know the reasons behind this change. Debate on Globalization: Globalization is referred to as shift from a centre to more interdependent and integrated global economy. The debate has stared between anti- globalization protestors at all meeting of a global institution. According to protestors, globalization is altering the world in a negative way. Critics feel that jobs are being lost to low-wage nations due to globalization. According to the supporters, cross border investment and increased trade give rise to low prices in services and goods. It leads to greater economic growth with more jobs and higher consumer income. In this debate critics believe that the free trade supports firms from growing nations to shift manufacturing facilities registered in less developed countries with lax labor and environmental regulations (Killing, 2012). The free trade supporters observed that strict labor standards and tough environmental regulation go together with progress in economy. Additionally the foreign investment helps a nation to increase its standar ds. While critics are disappointed in the fact that due to the globalization the economic power is altering from national governments towards super national organization, like, the United Nations, the European Union (EU), the World Trade Organization (WTO). However according to the supporters the organizational power is limited to states-nations agree to grant. The organizational power lies in their capability of making some nations to follow some actions. The critics state that the distance between poor and rich has become wider. So, the globalization is not distributed equally (Ball McCulloch, 2012). Whereas supporters state that governmental actions have showed limited improvement in economy in most of the countries. The author supports the globalization. Some undeveloped nations can raise their economy by reducing barrier of investment and trade and also through implementing trading policies based on economies of free market. For example, McDonald is growing in Japan and other countries due to globalization. Economic System: An economic system is referred to as a system, which deals with resource allocation, production, distribution and exchange of services and goals in a provided geographical area or a society. This system is connected with political ideology. The countries, which are focused in individual goals in the system, have market-based economies. The dominant collective goals are observed in the economic system of the countries with common state-ownership. Individualism and democracy go together like totalitarianism and collectivism. Generally, three types of economic systems are observed, which are, mixed, planned or command and market. Command economy system is completely government based. In this system, rather than free market, government decides the production of the goods, the quantity of the production and the price of the goods, which will be opened for sale. It is a key characteristic of communist society (Cavusgil et al., 2014). This system is completely state-owned. Government distri butes the resources for the good of the society. This system has a tendency to stagnate as it has low incentives to be efficient and control costs. A market economy is a system, where the decisions regarding distribution, production and investment are taken by market. In this system, the prices, demand and supply of services and good are decided in a free economy system. Government encourages in fair and free competition among the private sectors. Market economies are also two types, social and liberal. Mixed economy is the system, which deals with the combinations of various economy systems, like, economic interventionism, free markets, private ownership, public ownership and economic planning. In general, in this system, the private economy is controlled by the provision of government. Mixed economy is more practiced in India and China. In China two systems model is observed. One of them is capitalist, which is similar to state-planned economies with the combination of institution al structures. The other system is political system, which is under control of communist party. This leads to weak legal system and lack of transparency. In India, democratic political system and economic freedom are observed and it is gradually opening towards FDI mixed economy is more practiced in these countries because, this economy has strong concern on free market principles, and still it depends upon the government (Jenkins, 2013). According to authors opinion, mixed economy is better because it involves the opinion of two systems. The free market involves with the variety of products. While, the government helps to deal with certain matters ranging from environment to education, which are overlooked by the private organizations. The government also helps to nurture a newly grown company and to establish that company in the global economy. Culture: Culture is defined as a system of norms and values, which are shared in between same groups or different group of people. It helps to modify the structure of living. Norms are referred to certain cultural products like traditions, customs and values, which represent the basic knowledge of individuals on others activity and their vision. According to certain sociologists, norms are informal understandings, which deal with the behaviors of the individuals in the society. An example of norm is shaking hand during introduction between two people. Elements of norms are laws, taboos, mores, and folkways. Folkways are norms, which deal with casual or routine interaction in daily life. For example, certain food habits or dressing sense in different cultures. If an individual belched in America during dinner in presence of others, then that incident is referred as breaking the folkways. According to American culture belching in dinner table is not good (Folsom et al., 2012). After these broke n folkways, there are no legal or moral consequences. Mores are the norms, which are observed in the society. It refers to the functionality of the society, like religious doctrines. For example, the parents with more cannot allow the live together relationship between their daughter and her boyfriend. According to them, only married couple can stay together. If their daughter does this activity, then it will be referred as violation against more. Taboos are the norms, which are strongly connected with certain cultures. Violation of those norms gives rise to extreme condition at that culture. Sometimes those violators are thrown out of the society. For example, in Muslim culture pork eating is a taboo. Pigs are not staying in clean area, But Muslim strictly follows the cleanliness I their daily life. Law is referred to as certain norms, which are written by the leaders of the society, and it is implicated in the society through a law enforcement society. For example, in many countri es drink and drive is not allowed according to the law. If anyone breaks the rill, then according to the law, that person will be fined or imprisoned. Values provide the place, where, the norms of the society are put forward and followed with respect. For example, in a scholarly family, the parents will show more values on learning, achievement, hard work (Enderwick, 2013). According to authors opinion norm is better. It helps to understand one culture and its significance. In this modern age, it is very necessary to be globalized. It will help to modify the life and to build the career. Therefore, through knowing the norms of other cultures, people can overcome the cultural barriers. Culture determinism: Culture is referred to as the cumulative deposition of beliefs, experiences and knowledge of a particular society or nation. Cultural determinism is the belief where the present culture will determine the behavioral and emotional levels of the life. The communication between two culturally diverged people is the example of culture determinism. Many determinants are associated with cultural determinism, which are, social structure, language, education, economic in addition, political philosophies and religion (Moran et al., 2014). Social structure is the structure of the society, which differs due to the cultural variance. For example, social structure of certain nation is completely religious based, whereas, work based social structure in observed in somewhere. Language is the nonverbal or verbal expressions through which people communicate. Cultural determinism gives rise to variation in language. A nation with different language is also the resource of different culture, like Spain . Education is the way, through which people learn. It differs with the culture. For example, an education level in a nation sometimes determines the economy of that nation. Political and economic philosophies vary to a great extent due to the culture determinism. For example, in North Korea, communist ideologies are ruling as political parties (Vaara et al., 2012). Religion is referred to as spiritual belief of an individual. Culture differs with various religions like, Hinduism, Muslim, Christian are observed. For example, here, the author is from Pakistan. However, presently, the author is flowing British culture due to migration. Therefore, the cultural determinism affects the author in his life. The religion and language are completely different in Britain as compared to Pakistan. The author is not able to communicate in his language with the office staffs. The education and political system are also different in between these two cultures. British culture follows must advanced education system. Moreover, the social structure differs a lot. It has great impact in the life of the author. Transaction cost: FDI or foreign direct investment deals with the direct investment of the firm in a foreign country with new facilities to create new market. License or exporting works for existed products in the foreign country. Therefore, FDI occurs instead of licensing and exporting. Exporting is a process through which a product is shipped to the country with high demand from its home country (Shenkar, 2012). For example, the Arabian countries are richer with petroleum. Therefore, this product is exported to other countries due to the demands. Transaction costs are those costs, which are related to the exportation of the goods. Licensing is referred to the right of a product while introduction into the foreign country. For example, when McDonald is introduced in Japan, then it is necessary that the company should be licensed. In licensing, there are many costs like, transportation, trading costs etc. FDI deals with those barriers through quotas or import tariffs. Therefore, FDI is better than lic ensing. For example if a Fiat car is introduced in foreign country, then the licensing will cost more. However, that cost will be minimized through FDI. According to author, FDI is good because it stimulates the economic development of the target country. International trade becomes very easy due to this direct investment. Due to FDI, the foreign investors are making new companies in the target country. It is providing more job opportunities. According to author, FDI is not good because it hinders domestic investment, which is a great disadvantage. FDI is related with more nations and their political factors. Therefore, there are certain risks in FDI due to the political factors. FDI influences the exchange rate negatively, which affects the economic system of a nation. References: Ball, D. A., McCulloch Jr, W. H. (2012). International business. Beamish, P. (2013). Multinational Joint Ventures in Developing Countries (RLE International Business). Routledge. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014). International business. Pearson Australia. Dunning, J. H. (2012). International Production and the Multinational Enterprise (RLE International Business) (Vol. 12). Routledge. Enderwick, P. (Ed.). (2013). Multinational Service Firms (RLE International Business). Routledge. Folsom, R. H., Gordon, M. W., Spanogle, J. A., Fitzgerald, P. L., Van Alstine, M. P. (2012). International business transactions: a problem-oriented coursebook. Jenkins, R. (2013). Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development (RLE International Business): The Internationalization of Capital and the Third World. Routledge. Killing, P. (2012). Strategies for Joint Venture Success (RLE International Business) (Vol. 22). Routledge. Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014). Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Shenkar, O. (2012). Beyond cultural distance: Switching to a friction lens in the study of cultural differences. Journal of International Business Studies, 43(1), 12-17. Vaara, E., Sarala, R., Stahl, G. K., Bjrkman, I. (2012). The impact of organizational and national cultural differences on social conflict and knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of Management Studies, 49(1), 1-27. Wild, J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014). International business. Pearson Education Limited.